Text information. Document model Text formats

Before looking at any of the basics of digital graphics, it is worth first understanding what graphic information is. Nowadays, this concept is actively used in various fields of human activity, but many do not even understand what this term is and what it means.

What it is?

Graphic information today is used in most areas of visual communication, ranging from various works of fine art, which should awaken emotions in a person and evoke a sense of admiration for beauty, and ending with all kinds of symbols intended solely to convey certain information to a person. In particular, such symbols include road signs, which for experienced drivers sometimes do not even reach the area of conscious perception.

Today, graphic information and images represent the basis of the thinking of most specialists, and a special place is given here to people who have a visual-figurative mindset. Proficiency in computer technology when visualizing any ideas is very useful, but requires thorough preparation, as well as an understanding of specific graphic information from the point of view of translating it into a computer format.

Definition

Graphic information is a complete set of data printed on a wide variety of media, including tracing paper, paper, canvas, glass, walls and much more. To a certain extent, we can say that even you and I, at which the lens of a camera or camera is directed, also represents graphic information.

The widest variety of graphic media, as well as types of images available to modern people, is, in principle, difficult to take into account, and this happens not because they are presented in infinite quantities, but because there are a lot of different intermediate options. After all, we cannot simply add them together and construct a kind of alphabet, and this is what distinguishes such concepts as graphic information and text information. However, there are certain exceptions here too.

Considering what constitutes graphic information and text information, it is worth noting that the set of text characters has long been brought into a certain system called the alphabet. At the same time, in European countries the alphabet is phonetic, while among the Far Eastern peoples the alphabet does not record phonemes or sounds, but represents a whole concept and consists of hieroglyphs, which translates it into the category of not textual, but graphic information.

Useful examples

Not everyone understands that modern European languages also use a unique principle of hieroglyphs, which are represented in our country by numbers. Despite the fact that numbers may be written exactly the same in different languages, in reality they are named and pronounced completely differently in each individual language, which is the typical principle of the hieroglyph.

In this regard, all the elements that are required to implement the coding procedure have been identified a long time ago over a long historical period. Elements that are separate and independent from each other can be represented in the form of a defined list, in which there is a finite and clearly defined number of lines.

The time when a person studies graphic information in the most detail is 9th grade, but many may not even remember this. At the same time, even then we were taught that if we turn to graphic data, including paintings, photographs, drawings or any other visual objects, then in this case it will no longer be possible to find in them such natural and universal elements that could operate in exactly the same way as with letters.

Story

It is worth noting that there were attempts to form a unified system of images. In particular, William Hogarth, an English painter and art theorist, tried to do this. In this case, his example is interesting not for the reason that he is a master of the satirical everyday genre, the main goal of which was to expose the vices of the aristocracy, but because it was he who tried to invent a universal graphic alphabet, which he failed. However, the curve, which the artist was able to identify as a reference back in the 18th century, is somewhat reminiscent of the Bezier curve in appearance.

Why can't I create an alphabet?

In fact, it is simply impossible to invent a graphic alphabet, and this is precisely the difference that separates standard writing and modern visual activity. This is also mentioned in the subject that studies graphical information - computer science. These areas are quite close in essence, but the alphabet is a universal tool that, having a limited number of elements, allows the formation of an unlimited number of texts, while in the field of visual activity such a strict list of elements simply cannot exist.

It is for this reason that coding ability is based on a different approach compared to standard elements like numbers and letters, and is primarily learned through how various tasks are performed. Graphic information is a more complex concept than textual information, therefore its development should be approached more thoroughly.

What do you need to understand?

Since in the field of visual activity there cannot be a strict list of elements, compiling a list of them is impossible, and here a serious task arises - to determine how all kinds of digital codes or images can be converted if only computer devices can work with them. In particular, this task is specified by the fact that it is necessary to invent a method that would allow modern computer technologies to operate not only with text.

What are the differences between computer and human perception?

Obviously, there are a lot of differences between how a computer and a person perceive graphic and audio information. For a person, each image, which may be far from a realistic photograph, represents a meaningful structure, because every person can distinguish, for example, a landscape from a portrait.

This becomes possible for the reason that visual perception is not the result of the work of the visual organs alone, but is also the result of a powerful intellect that has amazing recognition abilities. For example, thanks to this, a person can easily recognize another person, even if he has not seen him for several decades, but the latter has already aged a little and his appearance has become different.

Technical systems, in the process of which even the most modern computing power is used, cannot yet implement such tasks.

Test on graphical information in computer science

The final stage by which schools complete the study of what graphic information represents is a test that varies depending on the educational institution and its focus. However, in most cases, all questions are standard and quite simple. Among the most common, it is worth noting the following:

What happens to the file size as it increases in size
What are the tools of the Paint graphic editor used for?
What is the smallest image element on a graphics screen?
What's happened
Why do you need a graphics editor?

And many others.

In other words, in the process of compiling this test, the main goal is to determine how much the student has mastered the basic concepts of the graphic information course and how much he has mastered working with traditional graphic editors.

The basis of most electronic publications, as well as printed publications, is text material. It is the text that bears the main semantic load . Text material for electronic publications can be prepared in text editors or layout software packages and designed in accordance with the requirements for printed publications. When preparing a publication, each of these programs prepares text files in its own format, however, subsequent printing on hard media provides the same capabilities for perceiving text and graphic information.

The situation is different in electronic publications. Here, the perception of textual information is carried out on the basis of the presentation of any publication on the monitor screen. Since such publications can be prepared in different software environments, to reproduce an electronic document, this particular environment or another, but software and information compatible with it, is necessary. Thus, all the most likely software for reading electronic publications must be installed on the device.

One way to avoid this situation is to use standard text formats. But today there are standards (legal) only for character encoding methods. Therefore, publications and publications in electronic publications and hypertext electronic HTML documents use ASCII ASNI codes or a two-byte UNICOD code. The same approach was chosen when preparing electronic documents on Help technologies.

Adobe Systems has proposed its own approach to solving the problem of software and information compatibility of electronic publications. As a standard (de facto) text format PDF text markup format selected . This is explained by the fact that almost every text editor program or layout package has translators of the document format created in a particular program into PDF format. Therefore, any electronic document can be presented in a single form (in the de facto PDF standard) and viewed in Adobe Acrobat.

In a number of electronic documents text material is used as commentary to graphic or animated elements of electronic publications. Such electronic publications include hypergraphic and multimedia publications.

Source text material an electronic publication can be prepared in traditional ways: using keyboard typing; scanning text blocks of the source document with subsequent character recognition in the environment of corresponding text recognition programs; transferred to a computer using magnetic media; transmitted over the network, etc.

In electronic documents, text plays a dual role. First of all, it carries the main semantic load in most types of electronic publications. As a rule, this text material appears in the form of text blocks or sections, which will later be combined into something whole when viewing or navigating the electronic publication.

On the other side text information is a system-forming element electronic publications, since it is used for navigation purposes in the electronic publication. This text information is entered directly during the formation of navigation elements.

A number of special programs have been created to automate the preparation of electronic documents.

Text information

World practice has long shown that a favorable image of a company contributes to better demand for its goods and services. In the middle of the last century, the concept of “institutional” advertising appeared, i.e. advertising the very institutions of capitalist society. It was then that “public relations” emerged as a way for businesses to communicate with the masses. Institutional advertising has logically grown into modern “corporate” advertising, i.e. advertising of corporations, firms and other large and small business organizations.

Business began to closely monitor what kind of idea, what kind of image of entrepreneurship is formed among potential consumers. And, taking care of its image, corporate advertising began to inform the population about what social benefits come from business. Entrepreneurs began to loudly announce their programs focused on the social needs of people or not directly related to the production of goods or the provision of services.

There are several means of informing the population about the social benefits that come from the company - television and radio, printed products and the Internet, mobile network advertising and direct mail, etc.

1) informative;

2) persuasive, or stimulating;

N.G. Inshakov, a candidate of philological sciences, proposes such terms as “advertising in print media”, “advertising in the press” and “print advertising”; in recent years the concept of “advertising on the Internet” has appeared. This paper considers only two types of advertising: “print advertising” and “Internet advertising”.

A variety of information genres can be called a relatively new and not yet very clear phenomenon for advertisers and advertisers - classifieds.

An advertising note is an advertising piece of 40-60 lines that is becoming increasingly popular. The note belongs to the information genre, but is more informative, expressive, and is distinguished by emphasized expressiveness. “The saturation of argumentative and evaluative meanings is a content increment typical for advertising notes,” experts note. The use of expressive means requires careful attention to the location and interaction of emotional and semantic stresses, to repetitions in the text, its rhythms, rhetorical questions, etc.

Among analytical genres, advertising reviews have become especially popular - synthesized texts that provide a summary description of a group of goods (for example, a review of the market for laptops, household appliances, sunscreens) or services (cosmetic, construction, medical, etc.) . This characteristic is based on a comparison of primary information with generalizations and recommendations.

An advertising review differs from a traditional one in that it is less analytical in the main part - it is based on the descriptive method of presentation “plus - plus - plus” - and in that generalizations and recommendations may not complete, but precede the material.

Advertising article is a genre that has retained its traditional features, but still has a few comments. Advertising articles usually talk about the company, its history, development trends, and successes. In some cases, the article is more selective in nature, dedicated to a specific area of work or a specific product. If the purpose of the article is image-building, firms try to explain their policies and report on the main directions of their activities. But it is appropriate to use this genre for advertising purposes only if the creators of the advertising text have sufficient factual material for analysis and generalizations.

The basis of most electronic, as well as printed publications discussed in this work, is textual material of an advertising nature. It is the text that bears the main semantic load. The text material of publications can be prepared in text editors or layout software packages and designed in accordance with the requirements.

In web publications, the perception of textual information is carried out based on the presentation of the publication on the monitor screen. In some web documents, text material is used as a commentary on graphic or animated elements of electronic publications. These include hypergraphic and multimedia publications.

Source text material for both printed and Internet publications can be prepared in traditional ways: using keyboard typing; scanning text blocks of the source document with subsequent character recognition in the environment of corresponding text recognition programs; transferred to a computer using magnetic media; transmitted over the network, etc.

The need for an editor for electronic publications is as obvious as for a printed publication. A.E. Milchin publishes notes with a critical publishing and book criticism analysis of books published by Russian publishing houses during these years. The culture of a publication, first of all, is that the publisher or author takes into account the individual characteristics of the products being released and the way potential readers and users work with them, so that the latter are not doomed to waste their time. The question in this matter is when it is not necessary to follow ready-made samples, but, with the help of functional analysis of various elements, to look for and find techniques that would make it possible to adapt various elements to the characteristics of the product and the reader.

The role of the editor in creating an advertising publication is enormous. Advertising does not tolerate a template and is effective only in new, unusual forms and solutions, therefore the script stage in the editor’s work is truly creative. In the creative process diagram, the following main stages are usually distinguished:

Problem formulation is the most important of all stages of the process. A clearly defined goal is half the solution. At this stage, it is necessary to clearly understand the final result that is expected to be achieved during the advertising campaign.

Collection of information. There are two types of information that the advertising creator must accumulate. First, this is specific information for this case. Its content includes information about the product, the market and the buyer, but their quantity and quality and, ultimately, the effect of future impact depend on the diligence and diligence of the one who collects and processes it. It is difficult to assume that a product superficially described in advertising will find demand among buyers, no matter how refined epithets are bestowed upon it. Collecting special information is not just obtaining information about a product in the form of a description and technical data. The main thing is to acquire as many materials as possible, to highlight the main semantic features in them, which will allow you to individualize the product among many others similar to it. This applies equally to customer and market data. Secondly, in order to develop the most fruitful idea, it is necessary to have general information. A creative worker must be curious, inquisitive and be able to accumulate materials on a variety of issues that will sooner or later be useful to him in his work.

Information processing is the stage at which the information received about the product, the buyer and the market is systematized, summarized and comprehended. Individual facts are examined from all sides, combinations are searched for, individual parts of the idea are developed, and it is important that this information be worked out as thoroughly as possible.

The stage of idea maturation (incubation) is externally characterized by a departure from the topic, a switch of the creator’s attention to other areas, and sometimes a complete cessation of active work. True, this passivity is apparent. In fact, one of the most fruitful moments of the creative process begins: the maturation of an idea, albeit unconsciously.

The stage of insight (also called insight, “aha” - experience) is psychologically the most exciting. An idea is born completely unexpectedly, as a result of the fact that the psychological instrument of consciousness inherent in a person - intuition - comes into action. Its peculiarity is that a ready-made result enters consciousness, which outwardly looks like a logical break, a leap in thinking.

Testing and finalizing an idea is the working stage of the creative process. The results obtained require serious verification and collective discussion. An idea can be accepted or rejected, partially used, or taken as the basis for further work.

Members of the creative group - the author of the text, artist, art and technical editor, being specialists in their fields of activity, make proposals for the preparation of text, illustrations, elements of artistic design and other parts of the structure of the publication.

A clear organization of work on the script determines the functions of the editor in the process of editorial analysis, the content of which, obviously, boils down to an assessment of how the author of the text, the artist and other members of the creative team coped with the tasks defined by the jointly developed advertising idea.

Working with a text - author's or editor's - will be successful if a person understands the basic rules for creating a work, the requirements for the text, knows how to see its advantages and correct shortcomings, and knows how to improve his own and other people's texts.

Each letter is assigned a numerical number. For example, the letter “A” has the number 1, and the letter “B” has the number 2. It must be said that uppercase and uppercase letters have different numbers. Including, the Russian alphabet and Latin have their own encoding. In order for different computers to understand each other, scientists have developed a unified standard for representing letters with numbers and called it “Character Encoding” “KOI” (Fig. 1.1.1).

Fig.1.1.1. Character encoding

By turning letters into numbers, the computer turns the numbers into signals, and writes them into bits, from which bytes are assembled:

A - 192- 11000000

B - 193 - 11000001

B - 194- 11000010

G- 195- 11000011

Graphic information

Computers can work with graphic information. These can be drawings or photographs. In order for the picture to be stored and processed in a computer, it is converted into signals. This transformation is called digitization(Fig. 1.1 .2).

To digitize graphic information, use special digital cameras or special devices - scanners.

Fig.1.1.2 Example of digitizing a drawing

A digital camera works like a regular camera, only the image does not end up on film, but is “remembered” in the electronic memory of such a “camera”. Then such a device is connected to a computer and signals are transmitted through the wire, which encrypt the image.

If a picture is made on paper, then scanners are used to turn it into signals. The picture is placed in the scanner. The scanner looks at each point of this picture and transmits to the computer the numbers (bytes) that encode the color of each point. For example:

Black dot: 0, 0, 0;

White point: 255, 255, 255;

Brown dot: 153, 102, 51;

Light gray dot: 160, 160, 160;

Dark gray dot: 80, 80, 80.

Each color has its own code (it is called a color code).

If each color is transmitted in three bytes, then more than 16 million colors can be encrypted. This is much more than the human eye can discern, but for a computer this is not the limit.

Audio information

Sound, music and human speech enter the computer in the form of signals and are also digitized (Fig. 1.1.3. Fig. 1.1.4.), that is, turned into numbers, and then into bytes and bits. The computer stores them, processes them and can reproduce them (play music or speak a word).

In order to enter audio information into a computer, a microphone is connected to it or connected to other electronic music devices, for example, a tape recorder or player. If the computer has a special sound card, then it can process audio information and reproduce human speech, music and sounds.

Video information

Modern computers can work with video information. They can record and playback videos, cartoons and movies. Like all other types of information, video information is also converted into signals and recorded in the form of bits and bytes. This happens in exactly the same way as with pictures - the only difference is that there are a lot of such “pictures” that need to be processed.

Films are made up of frames. Each frame is like a separate picture. In order for the image on the screen to look “alive” and move, the frames must replace each other at high speed - 25 frames per second. If the computer is powerful and fast, then it can process a new picture in its memory 25 times a second and display it on the screen.

The computer receives signals for recording video images from the video camera. Like all other types of information, it converts these signals into bits and bytes and stores them in its memory.

The video image is displayed on the computer monitor screen. In this case, sound can be output along with the image.

Hello, dear guys. Let's start our lesson. Text information. Let's start by defining what a text is?

Text is any verbal statement printed, written or spoken.

Information presented in the form of written text is called text information.

The first carriers of text information were:

Stone
Tree
Birch bark
Papyrus
Parchment
Paper

Currently, electronic media are increasingly used.

Let's talk about text documents.

Document- any text created using a text editor. A text document may include:

Article
Report
Story
Poem
Invitation
Announcement

Created using editors.

Here are a few text editors which are most often used in practice.

Notepad- is a standard application of the Windows operating system. You can create the simplest text documents in it.

Application WordPad is also a standard text editor with more advanced capabilities.

Microsoft Word is a word processor that is a commercial product from Microsoft.

Program OpenOffice Writer Its functionality is practically no different from Word, but it is completely free.

Hypertext- this is text that contains links to go to other documents or parts of the same document. Links can be in the form of text, pictures or banners. When you hover the mouse pointer, the pointer changes appearance. When clicked, it switches to a new document.

Basic text document objects.

The smallest object is symbol, which consists of characters (letters, numbers, punctuation marks). From symbols are formed words, words are combined into lines, a space sign is placed between words. Paragraph begins with an indentation, with a small space between paragraphs. Next, all fragments are combined into pages. This way we get a text document.

Let's consider the main stages of document preparation.

Entering text— we type text from the keyboard. Next comes the process text editing, text formatting And seal.

Let's look at these stages in more detail.

At entering text you need to follow the rules. Here are sentences that are written in different ways. The first two examples are incorrect, the third is correct.

Sing, Vasya - it’s not right
Sing, Vasya - it’s not right
Sing, Vasya - right

The point is that a space should be placed after punctuation marks, but not before.

An en dash or a minus sign places spaces in arithmetic expressions; spaces are not placed before and after the minus; an en dash, spaces are placed before and after a dash.

When typing text, avoid two or more spaces between words.

To indent paragraphs, use the Tab key.

To center text, you cannot use spaces; you can do this using the align button.

To move to a new line, you need to keep in mind that usually the text automatically moves to a new line. To force a new line, use the Shift + Enter key.

If we simply press Enter, we go to the beginning of a new paragraph.

Let's consider the process text editing.

Text editing refers to changes in the content of a document. This includes replacing words with their synonyms.

Correction of syntactic spelling errors.

Deleting, copying and pasting test fragments.

Text formatting it is understood as a change in the appearance of the document and its individual parts. Formatting operations include paragraph alignment and font formatting.

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