Structurally, the automated workstation includes the following parts. Automated workstation (AWS)

Automated workstation (AWS)

An automated workstation (AWS) is a workstation of a specialist in a subject area, equipped with a computer and special software that helps solve problems within the framework of the activities of this specialist, or in other words, it is a software and hardware complex designed to automate a certain type of activity (for example, an accountant's workstation, Designer's workstation, technologist's workstation, etc.).

Principles of Automated Workplace

There are general principles for creating any automated jobs

· Systematicity- according to this principle, automated workstations should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by their functional purpose.

· Flexibility - this principle means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring, thanks to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements .

· Stability - lies in the fact that the automated workstation system must perform functions regardless of the impact of internal or external factors on it. This also means that if there are problems in individual parts of the system, they should be easy to fix, and their functionality should be easily restored. .

· Efficiency - according to this principle, the effectiveness of using automated workplaces should be considered as an integral indicator of all levels of implementation of the above principles, in relation to the costs of creating and operating the system .

The functioning of an automated workstation gives the desired effect, provided that functions and load are correctly distributed between humans and computer information processing devices

AWS can be: individual, group, collective. In relation to group and collective workstations, in order to ensure the effective functioning of the computer system, specialists (teams) need to tighten the requirements for organizing the work of the workstation and clearly define the administration functions in such a system. The automated workplace system, which is a man-machine, must be open, flexible, adapted to constant development and improvement. Such a system should provide:

Tasks solved at automated workstations are divided into:

Information- such tasks include coding, classification, collection, structural organization, adjustment, storage, retrieval and issuance of information. Often information tasks include simple computational and logical procedures of an arithmetic and textual nature and relationships (connections). 1Information tasks are, as a rule, the most labor-intensive and occupy most of the working time of specialists.

Computing- these tasks are both formalizable and not completely formalizable. Formalized problems are solved on the basis of formal algorithms and are divided into two groups: direct calculation problems and problems based on mathematical models. Direct counting problems are solved using simple algorithms. For more complex problems, it is necessary to use various mathematical models.

Structure of a typical automated workstation

An automated workstation is a place for a specialist user of any profession, equipped with automation tools to perform certain functions, therefore the structure of an automated workstation is a hardware and software complex.

In this case, the main role of the complex is played by the software component, which will impose certain technical requirements (mainly performance) on the hardware components.

Software consists of system software and application software. The basis of system support is the operating system. System programs provide rational information processing technology. The so-called service programs, which the workstation is equipped with depending on the need for them, expand the capabilities of the operating system.

Application software consists of user programs and application program packages for various purposes. Standard user programs are software solutions to specific problems. Almost all application software is designed on a modular basis and is focused on solving a specific class of problems. Application software is the main type of user software. It basically allows you to automate the activities of a certain specialist.

In this case, the application software can be either purchased, i.e. third-party software manufacturers, or can be created in-house. It should be noted that software development is a very complex, expensive process and accessible to highly qualified specialists.

Technical support is a complex of technical hardware, the basis of which is a professional personal computer, providing for the work of a specialist without intermediaries (programmers, operators, etc.). At group automated workstations, several people can use such a computer. A typical personal computer kit includes: a system unit (consisting of a motherboard, processor, RAM, hard drive, video controller, audio controller and network controller), monitor, keyboard, mouse, and, if necessary, peripheral devices (scanners, printers) ).

The complex of technical means should also include means of communication, a local computer information network (Intranet is an internal private network of an enterprise) for connecting various workstations with each other, as well as means of telephone communication.

Since workstations are designed to automate the workplaces of specialist users of all design and office professions, therefore, first of all, it is necessary to select basic application software for each of the most significant professions.

Programs are designed to take on tasks that humans are slower to complete or that require specialized knowledge to complete.

Information Systems

Information system(IS) is a collection of hardware, software, organizational support, and personnel designed to provide the right people with the right information in a timely manner.

Figure 4. Enterprise information systems

Currently, the domestic market is dominated by two main trends in the development and implementation of automated control systems.

First lies in the fact that the enterprise is trying to gradually introduce automation systems only in certain areas of its activities, intending to later combine them into a common system or be content with “piecemeal” (“patchwork”) automation. Despite the fact that this path at first glance seems less expensive, the experience of implementing such systems shows that minimal costs in such projects most often result in minimal returns, or even do not bring the desired result at all. In addition, the maintenance and development of such systems is extremely difficult and costly.

Second trend- comprehensive implementation of automation systems, which allows covering all levels of the management system - from the lower level of production units to the upper management level. In this case, such a system includes:

· automation of many areas of the enterprise’s activities (accounting, personnel management, sales, supply, etc.);

· automation of the main technological processes of the enterprise;

· automation of management processes, analysis processes and strategic planning.

Currently, in world practice, the following names are used to designate fully functional integrated automated control systems used by enterprises (Table 2.)

Table 2.

Principles of creation	Abbr (English)	Name (rus)	Abbr (rus)	Description
Manufacturing Resource Planning		Manufacturing Resource Planning	material requirements planning system, one of the most popular logistics concepts in the world, on the basis of which a large number of micrologistics systems have been developed and operate.
Enterprise Resource Planning		Enterprise resource planning
Customer Synchronized Relationship Planning		Resource planning synchronized with the buyer
Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided Manufacturing		computer-aided design/manufacturing systems		an automated system that implements information technology for performing design functions is an organizational and technical system designed to automate the design process, consisting of personnel and a set of technical, software and other means of automating its activities.
EnterpriseResourcePlanning		comprehensive automated enterprise management system		an organizational strategy for integrating production and operations, human resources management, financial management and asset management, focused on the continuous balancing and optimization of enterprise resources through a specialized integrated application software package that provides a common data and process model for all areas of activity
		work flows	graphical representation of the work flow of a process and its associated subprocesses, including specific activities, information dependencies, and the sequence of decisions and activities
CustomerRelationshipManagement		customer relationship management	application software for organizations designed to automate strategies for interacting with customers (clients), in particular, to increase sales, optimize marketing and improve customer service by storing information about customers and the history of relationships with them, establishing and improving business procedures and subsequent analysis of results.
DecisionSupportSystem		management decision support		a computer automated system, the purpose of which is to help people making decisions in difficult conditions for a complete and objective analysis of subject activity.
	management information system (AWS) of the manager
SupplyChainManagement		supply chain management	designed to automate and manage all stages of supply to the enterprise and to control the entire flow of goods in the enterprise
	"Personnel Management"; can be considered both as an independent task and as part of ERP (which is shown in the figure as two connections)	a set of specialized structural units in the field of enterprise management together with the officials employed in them
		local area networks		a computer network that usually covers a relatively small area or a small group of buildings
		global (external) networks and telecommunications	a computer network covering large areas and including a large number of computers

Figure 5. Generalized structure of enterprise information technology

There is no unambiguous and generally accepted general classification of IT enterprises. A possible version of the generalized structure of modern information technologies being implemented in industrial production of various types is shown in Fig. 5.

AWS– an automated workplace equipped with means that ensure human participation in the implementation of control system functions using a computer.

Analyzing the essence of automated workplaces, experts most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work.

For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations that correspond to their functional purpose.

Principles for creating automated workstations:

· Payback - minimizing costs must be combined with reliability and system performance .

· Reliability is achieved through reliable hardware, software and the use of modern technologies for software development. This principle is that the automated workplace system must perform basic functions regardless of the impact of internal and external possible factors on it. This means that problems in its individual parts should be easily fixable, and the functionality of the system should be quickly restored .

· Flexibility implies easy adaptation of the system to all changes in requirements for it and to new functions introduced. This principle is implemented due to the modularity of the construction of all AIS subsystems and the standardization of its elements.

· Security represents measures to ensure the safety of information, for example, the development of access structures to various subsystems; regulation of work with the system; use of special equipment, encryption.

· Friendly - the system should be simple, easy to learn, study, and use. It is mandatory to have tools for using menus, hints, and also have an error correction system.

· Systematicity – Workstation should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by their functional purpose.

The functioning of an automated workplace can give a numerical effect only if the functions and load are correctly distributed between a person and computer information processing tools, the core of which is a computer. Only then will automated workplaces become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.

Requirements for automated workplaces:

· timely satisfaction of the information and computing needs of a specialist.

· minimum response time to user requests.

· adaptation to the user’s level of training and professional needs.

· ease of mastering the techniques of working on an automated workplace and ease of communication, reliability and ease of maintenance.

· tolerance towards the user.

· ability to quickly train the user.

· ability to work as part of a computer network.

A generalized diagram of the workstation is shown in Fig.

Drawing. 1. Block diagram of workstation.

The professional orientation of the automated workplace is determined by the functional part of the subject area.

Many well-known workstations can be classified based on the following general characteristics:

- functional scope of use(scientific activity, design, production and technological processes, organizational management);

- type of computer used ( micro-, mini-, macro computers);

- operating mode(individual, group, network);

- user qualifications(professional and non-professional).

Within each of the selected groups of automated workplaces, a more detailed classification can be carried out.

Three classes of typical automated workstations can be distinguished:

Manager's workstation;
specialist's workstation;
AWS of technical and support personnel.

Thus, an automated workplace is a problem-oriented complex of technical, software, linguistic (language) and other tools, installed directly at the user’s workplace and intended to automate the operations of user interaction with a computer in the process of designing and implementing tasks.

The workstation must be equipped with the necessary software and tools:

Computer operating systems;

Translators (interpreters) from various algorithms and user languages;

Design and data processing tools (on-screen editors for text and graphic information, DBMS, table processors, output form generators);

Actually user programs (processing, training, knowledge DBMS, etc.).

The configuration of the workstation with hardware and software, as well as the elements listed above, depends on the purpose and composition of the tasks being solved.

Let's consider the software architecture of the economist's workstation.

Figure 2. Software architecture of economist's workstation

Each of the software components performs a wide range of actions and in most cases can be used independently of the others. The central component, without which other tools cannot operate, is the OS. It provides: creating and updating a directory of files of various types, viewing directories and printing files, renaming and editing files, protecting files, distributing external memory, etc.

The AWP-economist software includes information base management tools that provide:

Creation and updating of an information base;

Searches for the required information on regulated and non-regulated requests;

Organization of formatted input-output of information;

Computational processing, etc.

The economist's workstation must provide information in graphical form for a comprehensive analysis of economic indicators. Graphs can have two-dimensional (flat) and three-dimensional (volumetric) representation. Using graphic tools, planning (marking) of the screen area is carried out, graphic elements are displayed on the screen in the form of a line, point, segment, rectangle, ellipse, shading of graphic elements using the required colors, font selection, etc.

The increasing pace of informatization of society contributes to the increasing role of computer technology in management processes. The capabilities of modern computer technology to automate the information processing process can increase labor productivity, improve the efficiency of working with documents and speed up the exchange of management information.

Currently, the concept of distributed automated control systems aimed at local information processing has become widespread. This allows you to organize the division of labor of management personnel and automate the performance of their functions. To implement this idea, it is necessary to create automated workstations based on personal computers for each level of management and each subject area.

Automated workstation(AWS) is a complex of computer hardware and software located directly at the employee’s workplace and designed to automate his work within the specialty.

Automated workstations must be created strictly in accordance with their intended functional purpose. However general principles for creating automated workstations remain unchanged:

consistency;
flexibility;
sustainability;
efficiency.

Under principle of consistency the following is understood: an automated workstation must be a system of interconnected components. At the same time, the structure of the automated workplace must clearly correspond to the functions for which this automated workstation is created.

The principle of flexibility is of great importance in creating modern and efficiently working automated workplaces. This principle means the possibility of adapting the automated workplace to the intended modernization of both software and hardware. At present, when the rate of obsolescence of software and hardware is constantly growing, compliance with this principle is becoming one of the most important conditions when creating automated workplaces.

To ensure the principle of flexibility in actually working automated workstations, all subsystems of a single workstation are implemented in the form of separate, easily replaceable modules. To avoid incompatibility problems when replacing, all elements must be standardized.

Of great importance principle of sustainability. It consists in performing the functions laid down in the automated workplace, regardless of the influence of both internal and external factors. If failures occur, the functionality of the system must be quickly restored, and problems with individual elements must be easily resolved.

Efficiency principle implies that the costs of creating and operating the system should not exceed the economic benefits from its implementation. In addition, when creating an automated workplace, it should be taken into account that its effectiveness will largely be determined by the correct distribution of functions and load between the employee and computer information processing tools, the core of which is a personal computer. Only if these conditions are met, automated workplaces become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.

Practical experience in using automated workplaces as one of the elements of distributed control systems allows us to highlight the following: requirements for an effectively and fully functioning automated workstation:

timely satisfaction of the user's information needs;
minimum response time to user requests;
adaptation to the user’s level of training and the specifics of the functions he performs;
the ability to quickly teach the user basic operating techniques;
reliability and ease of maintenance;
user-friendly interface;
ability to work as part of a computer network.

Let's consider the structure of an automated workstation and the connections between its components. Typically, an automated workplace consists of hardware and software computer tools, as well as the necessary methodological documentation that allows the user to effectively interact with these tools.

Information support means constant information support for each individual automated workstation. The functioning of modern automated workplaces is impossible without the supply of timely, reliable and high-quality information.

Methodological documentation is a set of documents relating to the functioning of a given automated workplace and, as a rule, includes input and output documents, instruction cards, job descriptions, etc.

Creating a well-thought-out set of methodological documentation that is not difficult to master is especially important when an organization is introducing a system of automated workstations for the first time. In this case, it is necessary to explain to employees in detail how to work with equipment that is new to them, as well as all the positive aspects of its use.

If necessary, it is necessary to arrange for employees to attend advanced training courses in working with computer technology. It is necessary to do everything possible so that when introducing modern information processing technologies into an organization, employees do not consider the emerging technical means an obstacle to their normal work, but understand all the benefits and all the advantages of their use.

Currently, there is a huge selection of different software products that meet almost all the requirements imposed on them by representatives of various professions. However, there are situations when there is a need for some other programs. In such cases, special professional workstations are developed. When creating such programs, it is necessary to take into account such points as:

tasks to be solved;
interaction with other specialists;
professional habits and inclinations of the employee;
development of not only functional software (FPO), but also special technical means (mouse, network, automatic telephone dialing, etc.).

The creation of efficiently operating professional workstations allows increasing the productivity of specialists and reducing the number of personnel. At the same time, the speed of information processing and its reliability increase, which is necessary for effective planning and management.

To effectively use the automated workplace complex, it is necessary, first of all, to clearly define for which specialists (managers, economists, statisticians, accountants) automated workplaces will be created. The composition and number of automated workplaces depend on the profile of the organization, its structure, scale and other parameters.

In practice, the development of specific workstations most often represents the automation of the most typical functions performed by an employee at a given workplace. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that the employee’s workstation should consist only of those programs that the specialist really needs for his work. Excessive software in the workplace takes up PC resources and can distract an employee from performing his duties.

To solve this problem, it is necessary to clearly define the information needs of each specialist - the intended user of the automated workplace. Generally speaking, each user must formulate such needs independently. Optimal implementation of the system being created is only possible if users can define their goals and indicate the nature of the information they need to achieve these goals. In addition, this approach to solving the problem of creating automated workplace software eliminates the psychological barrier in the relationship between man and machine. In this case, the user himself determines the operations that he constantly performs, and clearly knows which programs were installed for their automated execution.

However, in practice, it is not always easy for employees of an organization to clearly define their needs for the information necessary for their work. In this case, you can obtain information about the operations performed by the employee and the data used for this in two different ways: by asking the employee a direct question or by obtaining information indirectly.

In the first case, employees draw up special certificates in writing containing:

a list of your main responsibilities;
specific information necessary to perform the above responsibilities.

Information needs are determined by the employee based on the composition of the main responsibilities and decisions made in the process of their implementation.

In another approach, information about responsibilities and information needs is obtained indirectly. The developer of the automated workplace asks employees - users of future automated workplaces - to describe what happens in the process of performing their job duties. After this, the developer must formulate specific questions that need to be answered under the assumption that the automated workplace is already functioning. This approach also allows the employee to gain greater insight into their activities and, in particular, the process of making complex decisions.

The result of applying any of the above approaches should be a clearly formulated list of the functions performed by the employee and his information needs. The next steps towards creating an automated workplace are identifying those functions from this list that can be automated and selecting programs with which this can be done.

An employee of any specialty using an automated workplace can perform the following operations:

enter written information from the keyboard and visually monitor this process using a monitor;
edit data;
move, copy, delete information;
display information on the screen, printer, record it on media;
transfer data from one PC to another using storage media;
exchange data via communication channels within a local area network or the Internet;
accumulate and store data;
search and collect necessary information, update data;
obtain information from databases;
protect information.

Let us determine the composition of the software necessary to create standard workstations. Let us recall that the composition of specific workstations largely depends on the specific organization and job responsibilities performed by employees.

Let's consider the main approaches to staffing a manager's workstation. By manager we mean not only the head of the organization, but also his deputies, chief accountant, chief engineer, heads of structural divisions of the enterprise, i.e. managers at various levels. For these categories of employees, the functions they perform are largely similar, so the composition of the functional workstation software will be approximately the same.

Most often, a manager needs information in connection with the implementation of the management process. The nature of information needs depends mainly on two factors: the personal qualities of the manager (knowledge of information systems, management style, understanding of information needs) and the organizational management structure within which decisions are made.

The higher the manager's competence in the field of information systems, the more complex and precise his information needs will be. A realistic understanding of the capabilities and costs involved puts him in a much better position to help develop an effective system.

A manager's technical background, leadership style, and decision-making ability all influence the nature and amount of information he or she requires. Some managers prefer to make decisions based on detailed information, while others prefer to make decisions based on more general information, using personal consultations with subordinates.

There are several views among managers regarding their responsibilities regarding the dissemination of information to their subordinates. A leader who cannot or does not want to delegate authority usually tends to withhold information.

Problems of information support for management depend on the scale of the enterprise and the complexity of its organizational structure. Larger enterprises with more complex organizational structures require more formal information systems, and information needs become even more critical to operations.

Each level of management requires different types of information and, as a rule, in different forms. At the planning level, a one-time message, inference, or single request is required; at the level of calendar and planning management - notification of deviations, conclusions and various messages about periodic assessments. At the operational control level, formal communication of established procedures and daily communication of the operation are necessary to ensure operational control of activities.

The more complex the organization's structure, the easier it is to determine information needs. Where rights and responsibilities are clearly defined, relationships are understood, and decision-making areas are limited, information needs are easier to identify. The manager's responsibilities include:

making management decisions within its terms of reference;
analysis and synthesis of information necessary to make these decisions;
determining the necessary actions to implement the decisions made and determining the circle of persons who must ensure their implementation;
formulating tasks for specific employees participating in the process of implementing management decisions and communicating these tasks to them;
monitoring the execution of tasks.

It is obvious that most modern automated workplaces cannot assume the function of making management decisions, but they can significantly facilitate and speed up the performance of this function by the manager. It is advisable to include at least the following software tools in the functional software of the manager's workstation:

word processor;
table processor;
DBMS (for working with databases on all aspects of the organization’s activities, as well as for obtaining the necessary archival and operational information);
applied expert system (if necessary);
web browser;
email program.

When developing automated workplaces for specialists, it is necessary, first of all, to take into account the nature of their job responsibilities. The information needs of ordinary employees, as well as the management apparatus, depend on factors such as the personal qualities of the employee and the structure of the organization. As for personal qualities, knowledge of information systems and technologies, as well as an understanding of the need for information, are of great importance.

In the area of the organization's structure, the profile of its activities plays a significant role. For example, although the accounting functions of a large industrial enterprise and a small trading company are essentially the same, the specific tasks performed by the accounting staff, as well as the types of documents with which they have to work, may be very different. Therefore, the correct selection and configuration of software products for the operation of a particular organization is extremely important.

Let's consider the composition of the automated workplace software for the most common specialties. The programs listed below constitute the minimum set of software tools for the average specialist.

The current stage of economic development of society has a significant impact on the composition and content of the functions performed by an accountant. He is required not only to know traditional accounting, but also to be able to work with securities, justify investments of funds, have an objective idea of the economic and financial condition of the organization, etc. The use of modern computer technologies can provide significant assistance in this.

The use of computer technology makes it possible to automate many functions performed by an accountant. The main functions of accounting are:

accounting:
- – cash in the central cash desk and in the organization’s current account(s) in banks;
- – settlements with personnel regarding remuneration of employees;
- – commodity transactions (for trade organizations);
- – materials and fixed assets available in the organization (of greater importance for industrial enterprises);
- – taxation;
conducting:
– settlements with supplier companies, customers, co-executors, etc.;
– consolidated financial statements.

This list of accounting functions is far from complete; it only gives a general idea of the minimum range of tasks that an accountant’s workstation software package should provide. A separate range of tasks is to ensure information links between the accounting department and external organizations. This means that it is necessary to organize the timely receipt by accounting staff of regulatory and methodological materials, as well as the transfer of consolidated reporting to the relevant external organizations. Such organizations include higher authorities and management, tax inspectorates, statistical authorities, etc.

It is advisable to organize machine-to-machine exchange of information with banks within the framework of the “client-bank” system. This service is offered by the bank that services the current account of this organization. It consists in providing the ability to manage this account directly from the organization’s office. Programs of the "client-bank" system allow you to implement many useful functions: creating payment orders and transmitting them to the bank via modem, receiving statements from a current account, etc. To ensure the protection of transmitted data, it is mandatory to use special information security tools (encryption, electronic signature) . Using such a system has many positive aspects. It allows you to save time and speed up customer service (by promptly receiving information about funds being credited to your account). Also, the use of this technology eliminates the need for employees to constantly travel to the bank to make payments.

Thus, the functional software of an accountant’s workstation should include the following programs:

word processor;
financial and economic information processing system;
personal information system (organizer);
DBMS;
email program;
programs implementing the “client-bank” technology.

The modern Russian market of computer programs offers a large number of complexes for automating accounting. The main difference between software products is their focus on large, medium or small enterprises. The programs are also released in local and network versions. Network options are somewhat more complex and expensive. They require special equipment, operating systems, etc. In addition, the organization needs a staff of qualified specialists to maintain the network. However, network options are convenient in that they include functions for computer processing of management information for the entire organization.

For small organizations it is convenient to use so-called mini-accounting packages. They are designed to automate the work of a small staff of accounting employees who do not have a clear specialization in specific areas of accounting.

These packages are designed for untrained users; they are easy to learn and operate. The main capabilities provided by this kind of programs include the formation of a number of primary accounting documents, maintaining a journal of business transactions, drawing up consolidated financial statements, etc. The most well-known such software products are “1C: Accounting”, “Turbo-Accountant”, etc.

For larger small and medium-sized businesses, it is advisable to use packages like "Integrated Accounting System". These packages allow you to conduct automated accounting for some areas offline and then combine them into a single summary report. Software products of this type, which are most widespread, are a logical continuation of the development of mini-accounting packages. Such packages as “Parus”, “Kompekh+”, “Bambi+”, etc. are of good quality.

For organizations of medium and large businesses, packages like “Comprehensive Accounting System” are best suited. The main feature of such software products is their modular design. Moreover, each module is responsible for performing the functions of a specific area of accounting. All modules are interconnected, which allows you to create consolidated reporting documents. Typically, such complexes include the following modules: “posting - general ledger - balance sheet”, labor accounting, wages, fixed assets accounting, fixed assets accounting, finished products, production cost accounting, analysis of the financial condition of the organization, etc. Such systems allow connect new modules and thus expand the complex and its functionality. In this case, it is necessary to comply with the condition of interconnection of all components of the system. This is best achieved by purchasing separate software products (modules) from the same company.

In the accounting software market, packages like “Comprehensive Accounting System” from companies such as Infosoft, Intellect-Service, Omega, etc. have proven themselves well.

The organization of automated workplaces for managers and accountants is the most developed area of development and implementation of computer technologies in the enterprise management process. However, the functions of other specialists can also be performed more efficiently with the introduction of computer technology. Let's look at some of them.

AWS specialist personnel The main functions of a HR specialist include the following:

determining the organization’s personnel composition, drawing up staffing schedules;
selection and placement of personnel;
current work with personnel;
storage of information about the company’s employees (personal data, information about career advancement, rewards and punishments, hours worked, etc.).

To solve these problems, the HR specialist’s workstation should include the following software:

word processor;
DBMS;
email program;
applied expert system for selection and placement of personnel.

Secretary's workstation

The main functions of the secretary are:

providing the manager with up-to-date information about the activities of the enterprise;
maintaining a calendar of business meetings, meetings, etc.;
ensuring communications between managers at various levels;
preparation of necessary documents.

To perform these functions, the following set of programs is required:

word processor;
table processor;
DBMS;
web browser;
email program;
document management system.

Lawyer's workstation

The main functions of a lawyer are:

preparation of templates for basic documents of the organization (samples of contracts, external reports, certificates transferred to third parties, etc.);
legal support of transactions.

The corresponding automated workstation includes:

word processor;
personal information system (organizer);
DBMS;
web browser;
email program;
specialized reference and legal systems (Garant, ConsultantPlus, etc.).

In addition, the automated management system may include a sales department employee’s workstation, a warehouse employee’s workstation, a security officer’s workstation, a marketer’s workstation, a cashier’s workstation, etc. (depending on the organization’s field of activity).

For each of these specialists, corresponding software packages that make up an automated workstation are also developed.

When creating a complex of automated workstations in an organization, it is necessary to ensure mutual exchange of information between them. This is necessary due to the fact that many tasks require the participation of various specialists in solving them and recording data in various reporting documents.

So, for example, when accounting for the consumption of materials, it is necessary to use automated workstations of various specialists: the workstation of a warehouse worker, the workstation of a material accounting accountant, the workstation of the marketing department, the workstation of an employee of the financial department and, finally, the workstation of the accounting department for consolidated accounting.

When calculating employee wages, the corresponding accounting workstation exchanges information with the workstation of the HR department employee.

Thus, the introduction of automated workplaces into an organization should be carried out inseparably from the entire process of informatization of the organization and as part of the creation of a comprehensive automated management system for this organization.

It should be noted that at the moment there are a large number of companies offering ready-made automated workstations for individual specialists or automated workplace complexes. If the set of functions they offer meets the objectives of a particular organization, then the use of these software packages will be the optimal solution. Otherwise, it is necessary to attract specialists to develop specialized software systems.

5. General and specific functions of the document. Properties of documentary information.

7. Material for documenting its development.

8. Requirements for the design of document forms. Types of forms.

9. Document form. The procedure for preparing the details of organizational and administrative documents.

10. Concepts of unification and standardization of documents. Development of unification and standardization of documents in the second half of the twentieth century. Goals and methods of unifying management documents.

12.Linguistic features of the text of official documents. Standardization of vocabulary, phrases, sentence construction, text. Document design.

13.Algorithm for document preparation.

14.Characteristics of the composition and scope of application of organizational documents; requirements for their preparation and execution.

15. Characteristics of the composition and scope of administrative documents; requirements for their preparation and execution.

16. Characteristics of the composition and scope of application of information documents (explanatory and memos (external and internal), certificates, acts); requirements for their preparation and execution.

17. Documentation of collegial activities. “Scenario” for preparing and holding a meeting. Documents created during the preparation of the meeting. Requirements for the preparation and execution of the protocol.

18. Requirements for the preparation and execution of a service letter. Varieties of letters, telegrams, telephone messages.

19. Forms of organization of office work (documentation support for management).

20. Tasks and functions of the dow service, its structure, rights and responsibilities, types of work.

21. Instructions for office work as the main normative document regulating the organization of office work: structure, procedure for preparation and execution.

22. Characteristics of the main document flows. Rules for document flow accounting.

23. Technology for processing incoming documents.

24.Stages of passage and execution of internal documents.

25. The procedure for preparing and processing outgoing documents.

26. The procedure for coordination and approval of documents, options and procedure for execution.

28.Organization of control over the execution of documents and instructions.

29.Organization of current storage of files. Nomenclatures of cases: types, order of compilation, design features.

30. Concepts of document value, examination of document value. The emergence and development of expertise. Principles and criteria for examining the value of a document.

31. The concept of documentary fund and archival fund. Primary and complex complexes of documents, types of complex complexes.

33. The procedure for documenting and organizing work with documents containing confidential information.

34. Personnel information and documentation system.

35. Organization of jobs for management personnel in the dow system.

36. Structure and functions of departments for documentation services of institutions.

37. Design of organizational structure. Division and cooperation of managerial labor. Methodology for developing regulations on structural units and job descriptions.

38. Regulation of job responsibilities of dhow service employees. Requirements for the structure and composition of job description information.

39. Classification of methods for research and analysis of control systems and power supply systems.

40. Information management as a methodology for information support of management.

41. The concept of management information support, its structure.

42. Automated workstation (ARM): concept, principles of construction.

44. Concept and typology of information technology dow.

45. Analysis of the AC DOW market in Russia: classifications, main players, development trends.

46. Pre-project survey of the organization for the implementation of AS DOW. Documentation support for the AS DOW implementation procedure.

47. Formation of an electronic archive: legal basis, procedure, prospects.

48. The concept of “electronic government”: theory, Russian practice, legislative support for implementation in Russia.

49. Information technologies for storing documents.

50. Ensuring the safety and reliability of documentary information.

51. Electronic document management: opportunities, advantages, disadvantages.

52. Application of databases in the organization of document flow.

53. Ensuring the legal force of electronic documents. Legal status of the electronic document.

42. Automated workstation (ARM): concept, principles of construction.

An automated workplace is an interactive human-computer system, which is an organized productive environment for information processing, represented by methodological, organizational, legal, linguistic, software, technological, ergonomic means that ensure the implementation of the professional functions of the performer (manager, specialist) of a specific subject area directly on his workplace.

AWS is a complex of hardware and software, organizational techniques, linked by a single technology, focused on the implementation of certain problems in a specific subject area, as well as regulatory documents and instructional materials.

The functioning of automated workplaces activates creative activity, intensifies activities, and helps improve the performance discipline of specialists at all levels.

For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations that correspond to their functional purpose.

However, the principles for creating automated workplaces should be general: systematic, flexible, stable, efficient. According to the principle of systematicity, automated workplaces should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by their functional purpose.

The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements.

The principle of sustainability is that the automated workplace system must perform basic functions regardless of the impact of internal and external possible factors on it. This means that problems in individual parts of the system should be easily fixable, and the system’s functionality should be quickly restored.

The effectiveness of automated workplaces should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, related to the costs of creating and operating the system.

The following list of principles can also be considered as the basic principles for designing automated workplaces:

1. Maximum focus on the end user, achieved by creating tools for adapting workstations to the user’s level of training, opportunities for training and self-learning.

2. Formalization of professional knowledge, that is, the ability to provide, with the help of an automated workplace, one can independently automate new functions and solve new problems in the process of gaining experience in working with the system.

3. The problem-oriented orientation of the automated workplace to solving a certain class of problems, united by a common information processing technology, unity of operating and operating modes, which is typical for specialists in economic services.

4. Modularity of construction, ensuring the interface of the workstation with other elements of the information processing system, as well as modification and expansion of the capabilities of the workstation without interrupting its functioning.

5. Ergonomics, that is, creating comfortable working conditions for the user and a friendly interface for communicating with the system. The main goals of creating a specialist workstation are:

Improving the technique and technology of managing the functioning of an economic entity;

Reducing preparation time and improving the quality of management decisions;

Increasing the level of information support for the management process of a specific entity;

Shifting the emphasis to the creative activities of management staff by freeing them from routine information processing.

In the scientific literature, interpretations of automated workplaces differ depending on the purpose and subject area. To perform his work, a specialist, as a rule, applies certain knowledge, skills, work techniques, uses reference books, regulatory documents, instructions and administrative documentation, and also uses various tools depending on the complexity of the tasks being solved. It mainly uses information from the information space of a certain subject area.

Automation of such a workplace should include:

Operations to search for normative and reference material;

Carrying out computational work with minimal human intervention;

Searching for information (including necessary indicators) in the information space;

Editing and formatting the results of the work, as well as their output in the required form on the appropriate media; background execution of local calculation tasks.

For the effective functioning of information systems, prompt processing of large amounts of information is necessary, including the preparation of data for decision-making at all levels of management. In this regard, the concept of distributed information systems arose, providing for complete automated processing of information at various levels of the management hierarchy with the subsequent transfer of the necessary aggregated information from the bottom up. The implementation of this concept raised the problem of creating information processing tools at each management level, implemented in the form of an automated workplace. Thus, the automated workplace of a specialist becomes the most important link in the field of information processing and a new element of information technology.

The development and widespread implementation of automated workplaces became possible thanks to the emergence of interactive tools,

The information space of the subject area, including regulatory and reference information, including database management systems, visualization tools, user-friendly interfaces, the development of communications and the integration of these achievements with office equipment into a single “line” of automated information processing directly at the workplace.

The presence of an automated workplace in the control loop presupposes the constant use of a computer for communication between specialists in the process of their direct activities related to the interactive solution of various tasks that support the productive functioning of the economic system.

The concept of an automated workplace at the time of its appearance was qualified as follows: “An automated workplace is a professionally oriented computing complex, consisting of a terminal device (personal computer) and specialized software. As a rule, such a complex is located directly at the specialist’s workplace and is intended to automate his work.”

Automated workstation (AWS) - a complex of computer hardware and software located directly at the employee’s workplace and designed to automate the employee’s work within the framework of his specialty.

The automated workplace includes:hardware, software, as well as information support and methodological documentation.

The software is divided into system-wide and functional. The functional software includes text editors, table editors, DBMS, programs for working with e-mail, etc.

Integrated office software packages have become widespread. A typical example is Microsoft Office.

The composition of the automated workplaces of specific specialists is determined depending on their job responsibilities and the functions they perform.

Currently, there is a huge selection of different software products that meet almost all the requirements imposed on it by representatives of various professions. However, there are situations when there is a need for some other programs. In such cases, special professional workstations are developed.

When creating such programs, it is necessary to take into account such points as:

tasks to be solved;
interaction with other specialists;
professional habits and inclinations of the employee;
development of not only software, but also special technical means (mouse, network, automatic dialing of telephone numbers, etc.).

The creation of efficiently operating professional workstations allows increasing the productivity of specialists and reducing the number of personnel. This increases the speed of information processing and its reliability, which is necessary for effective planning and management.

In practice, the development of specific workstations most often represents the automation of the most typical functions performed by an employee at a given workplace. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that the employee’s workstation should consist only of those programs that the specialist really needs for his work. An excessive amount of software in the workplace takes up PC resources and can distract an employee from performing his duties.

However, in practice, it is not always easy for employees of an organization to clearly define their needs for the information necessary for their work. In this case, you can obtain information about the operations performed by the employee and the data used for this in two different ways: asking the employee a direct question or receiving such information indirectly.

In the first case, employees draw up special certificates in writing containing:

a list of your main responsibilities;
specific types of information required to perform the above responsibilities.

Information needs are determined by the employee based on the composition of the main responsibilities and decisions made in the process of their implementation.

The result of applying any of the above approaches should be a clearly formulated list of the functions performed by the employee and his information needs. The next step on the path to creating an automated workplace is to determine those functions of the published list that can be automated and select programs with which this can be done.

An employee of any specialty using an automated workplace can perform the following operations:

enter written information from the keyboard and visually monitor this process using a monitor;
edit data;
move, copy, delete information;
display information on the screen, printer, record it on magnetic media;
transfer data from one computer to another using magnetic media;
exchange data via communication channels within a local area network or the Internet;
accumulate and store data;
search and collect the necessary information, update the data;
obtain information from databases;
protect information.

Manager's workstation

Most often, the manager needs information related to the implementation of the management process. The nature of information needs depends mainly on two factors: the personal qualities of the manager (knowledge of information systems, management style, understanding of information needs) and the organizational management structure within which decisions are made.

The manager's own ideas about information needs also have a great impact on the composition of the automated workplace software. Often, managers hesitate between wanting to know only the necessary data or knowing all the information. Many managers have no idea what information they need. There are several views among managers regarding their responsibilities regarding the dissemination of information to their subordinates. A leader who cannot or does not want to delegate authority usually tends to withhold information.

Each level of management requires different types of information and, as a rule, in different forms. At the planning level, a one-time message, inference or single request is required. At the scheduling management level, deviation reporting, conclusions, and various periodic evaluation communications are required. At the level of operational control, a formal message about established procedures, a daily message about the implementation of an operation is necessary to ensure operational control of activities.

The manager's responsibilities include:

making management decisions within its terms of reference;
analysis and synthesis of information necessary to make these decisions;
determining the necessary actions to implement the decisions made and determining the circle of persons who must ensure their implementation;
formulating tasks for specific employees participating in the process of implementing management decisions and communicating these tasks to them;
monitoring the execution of tasks.

It is advisable to include at least the following software tools in the functional software of the manager's workstation:

word processor;
table processor;
personal information system (organizer);
DBMS (for working with databases on all aspects of the organization’s activities, to obtain the necessary archival and operational information);
applied expert system (if necessary);
Web browser;
email program.

Let's consider the composition of the automated workplace software for the most common specialties. The programs listed below constitute the minimum set of software tools for the average specialist.

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